What is Digital Noise? What Causes It?

Digital Noise - What Is It? What Causes It? And How Can I Get Rid Of It?

By Ziv Haparnas

Digital noise in photos taken with digital cameras is random pixels scattered all over the photo. It is a similar effect as "grain" in film photography and it degrades the photo quality.

[caption id="attachment_1094" align="aligncenter" width="650"] What is Digital Noise? What Causes It?[/caption]

Digital noise usually occurs when you take low light photos (such as night photos or indoor dark scenes) or you use very slow shutter speeds or very high sensitivity modes.

When taking pictures with a digital camera an electronic sensor (also known as a CCD) built from many tiny pixels is used to measure the light for each pixel. The result is a matrix of pixels that represent the photo.

As with any other electronic sensor the CCD is not perfect and includes some noise (also know as white noise to hint on its randomness attribute). In most lighting the light is significantly stronger than the noise. However in extreme scenes where the light is very low or when a high amplification is needed noise levels can become significant and result in pixels in the photos that include more noise data than real photo light data. Those pixels usually appear as random dots or stains on the photo (for example white dots scattered randomly on the photo).

Understanding digital noise in various scenes:

low light (night photos or dark scenes): when the scene is dark the amount of light measured by each pixel of the CCD is low. When the light intensity is very low it can become too close to the level of noise naturally found in the CCD. In such cases some pixels can appear as noise because the noise level measured for them is significantly close or higher than the actual light intensity.

slow shutter speeds: when the shutter is kept open for a long time more noise will be introduced to the photo. A slow shutter speed translates to the CCD integrating more light per pixel. The effect can be easily understood as the CCD "accumulating" light in each pixel and measuring the total light over the shutter period of time. However at the same time the CCD is also "accumulating" noise. For that reason in slow shutter speed photos some pixels will appear as noise because for these pixels the amount of noise integrated is significantly close to or higher than the actual light measured.

high sensitivity modes: high sensitivity in digital photography is implemented by mechanisms that result in amplification. The CCD amplifies the measurements it takes. However there is no way to just amplify the actual photo light that falls on the CCD pixels instead the noise and the actual light are both amplified. The result is that the CCD becomes sensitive not only to light but also to its own noise. When too much amplification is applied some pixels will appear as noise.

While it is impossible to completely prevent digital noise there are a few options that allow you to significantly decrease it. When taking photos in low light scenarios such as night photos there are two main parameters to play with: sensitivity and shutter speed. Raising sensitivity creates more internal noise in the CCD while slowing down the shutter allows for more noise to integrate on the CCD. The amount of noise generated by both parameters is different. It is recommended that you set your camera to manual mode and play with a few different sensitivity/shutter speed pairs to find out the one that generates the least noise.

Some cameras include a built-in feature called "noise reduction". Noise reduction is implemented by sophisticated software that can identify the noise pixels and remove them. For example the software can identify the noise pixels based on their randomness and usually extreme intensity gap between them and their neighboring pixels. Removing the noise can be implemented by interpolating a replacement pixel value based on its neighboring pixels.

If you do not have a built-in noise reduction feature or it does not work properly you can use a PC based software that removes digital noise. Many photo processing software include a combination of automatic and manual digital noise removal. Some software packages can also use a few photos of the same object to "average" them and thus remove the noise (relying on the fact that digital noise is random and the noise pixels will be different in each photo taken).

To conclude digital noise should be understood by any amateur or professional photographer. However for most photographers digital noise is not a practical problem even in low light scenarios usually digital noise is minimal and can be significantly reduced by simply turning on your camera's noise reduction feature. For professional photographers who shoot in more extreme conditions digital noise can present a real problem and can be dealt with using a combination of optimizing the camera settings and removing noise with professional software.

Ziv Haparnas is a technology veteran and writes about practical technology and science issues. This article can be reprinted and used as long as the resource box including the backlink is included. You can find more information about photo album printing and photography in general on http://www.printrates.com - a site dedicated to photo printing.

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What is a Digital Photo JPEG File?

What is a Digital Photo JPEG File?

By Ziv Haparnas

Digital photos are stored as files on memory cards and computer hard disks. They can be stored in different file formats (each format has a unique file extension). Digital photo files can be compressed to save storage space and can use a standard or a proprietary format.

[caption id="attachment_1090" align="aligncenter" width="507"] What is a Digital Photo JPEG File?[/caption]

Digital photos are saved as digital files on electronic media. These digital photo files are a collection of bytes. JPEG is a standard file format for storing such digital photos. The JPEG format supports compression and allows very efficient high quality storage of digital photos. When using the JPEG format any software from different vendors that adheres to the standard can create and process JPEG files.

JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group

The JPEG file format was designed by a special industry group for the purpose of storing and compressing high quality digital photos. Later on JPEG became an ISO standard and it is probably one of the most popular formats for storing digital photos today. JPEG files are also known simple as JPG files (named after their common file extension .JPG).

The design goal of the group was the efficient storage of digital photographic files while maintaining their original high quality (or quality which is as close as possible to the original one). JPEG files can support lossless compression but since lossless compression is inefficient when compressing digital photos it is hardly used. In most cases JPEG files use lossy compression to efficiently represent digital photos.

It is easy to understand the motivation for such efficient compression by using an example: Digital photos files are built of pixels each one has a value representing its color and intensity. Each pixel occupies 3 bytes (one for Red, one for Green and one for Blue - representing the color and intensity of the pixel). If you shoot a photo using an 8 mega pixels digital camera the photo will have 8000000 pixels each one occupying 3 bytes. The total file size would be 8000000*3=24000000 or 24Mbytes. This is a very big file. Big files are hard to manipulate they take a long time to send by email, they occupy large storage space and they take longer to load. If that same file was compressed into a JPEG digital photo file its size would reduce to about 3Mbytes - a much more manageable file size.

JPEG files are extremely efficient in compressing digital photos. They are using compression methods that were specifically designed for digital photos and take advantage of digital photos attributes that allow a more efficient representation of pixels. The JPEG format standardized the way a digital photo is represented and suggested ways to compress digital photos. Using this standard software from one vendor can compress and create a JPEG digital photo file while software from a different vendor can read and process it. There are many different compressors implementations that differ in the quality of the compressed photo. Also - the digital photo compressor can be set to different levels of compression. When using a very aggressive compression setting the digital photo file can be very small - the side effect however is degradation in quality - most noticeable is the appearance of large square areas with the same color and pattern.

JPEG files are the most commonly used ones by digital cameras to store compressed digital photos on memory cards and computer hard disks as they result in small file sizes and hardly any noticeable photo quality degradation. Most cameras also let the user set the level of compression applied to the digital photos - usually three level are provided: low, medium and high - where low results in minimal file size reduction but superior quality and high results in the smallest files but the highest degradation in quality - in most cases however that degradation is hardly noticeable by the amateur photographer.

Ziv Haparnas is a technology veteran and writes about practical technology and science issues. This article can be reprinted and used as long as the resource box including the backlink is included. You can find more information about photo album printing and photography in general on http://www.printrates.com - a site dedicated to photo printing.

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What is bird painting abstract?

What is bird painting abstract?

Author:Get Leads Fast

If you are a real art lover and are fond of collecting different styles of bird art, then bird paintings abstract will definitely amaze you.

[caption id="attachment_978" align="aligncenter" width="600"] What is bird painting abstract?[/caption]

What are bird paintings abstract?

Abstract art is totally a modern and unique art form which cannot be understood by everyone. Even then, it is becoming very popular due to the beauty which lies in its simplicity. This art form includes abstract art for birds, trees and even human. Talking about bird painting abstract, it features different kinds of birds and their images from an entirely distinct outlook.

Bird abstracts are the best art form of bird paintings as you get more to feel and understand about this beautiful gift of nature rather than just seeing it. Have you even thought what the idea behind creating such an art form is? Why it is so appreciated by intellectuals? There are many reasons for this. Most of the paintings are a combination of colors, shapes, sizes and textures of all physical elements present in this world. But it can be said that bird painting abstract is a thought process or feeling of a bird. It is very difficult to understand it and then emote it on a small canvas. Hats off to all bird painting abstract artists who make such interesting piece of art!

Bird abstract includes airy images and mystical backgrounds which persuade you to think deeply about the actuality of the painting. Even though you are not linked to it in anyway, you will try to connect this painting with your own life and create an opinion about it. This is an amazing art wonder for collectors of art pieces who try to learn something from each painting. Remember that each piece of bird painting abstract is the unimaginable creativity and thought process of capable artists.

If you look at the color combination and curves and edges of the painting, you can understand the depth of subject matter and try to recognize the emotion behind the painting. This kind of bird art is not restricted to capturing beauty of birds on canvas but it explores the hidden relation of these birds with the nature. You can find a illusion and magic in abstract art form. If two people observe this type of bird art, they would come out with different ideologies behind painting it.

It can also be said that bird painting abstract is an entirely different world for birds created by artists where they give new horizons to them. To get the gist of a potential painting, just stay back and observe it minutely from a distance position. You can definitely make your own definition for bird painting abstract!

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About the Author

FineArtMaya offers a great collection of exquisite bird painting abstract and other art gallery. Based in San Diego it is one of the most prominent fine art galleries in California.

What is Reiki Music?

What is Reiki Music?

Author:deepak darji

Music is recognized as one of the greatest inventions in the world. A wide range of music genres can be found in the present world and each of them has its own rhythm and purpose. This applies for the reiki music as well and many people use it to gain spiritual relaxation to their bodies. Reiki music has a history for hundreds of years and it was not recognized as front end music in the past. People played reiki music in the background to get the relaxation they deserved. Ancient people considered it as a form of healing music and as a precious gift given by the nature.

[caption id="attachment_945" align="aligncenter" width="521"] What is Reiki Music?[/caption]

The word Reiki has been derived from the Japanese language and it has the meaning of universal healing. Our body consists of different types of energies. Reiki music will assist our body to control those energy levels and balance them for a better future. In order to do that, the practitioners in reiki music will pass on balancing energies to our bodies through their palms of the hands. People who go through this treatment will have to lie on a flat surface. The atmosphere of the place should be a relaxing one and the environment must be free of distractions and Reiki music is getting more popular.

Reiki music has been granted with the power of calming down human bodies. Therefore it is available in the form of audio CDs and video CDs in the present world. The time duration of reiki music can be customized according to the requests of the user. They can even request this healing music to a particular part of their body or to the complete body as a whole. Reiki experts are there to help the people with these treatments. If a person feels uncomfortable with human contacts, the experts will take off their hands and engage in the reiki treatments. When you get a chance to look for music on the Internet, it is better to look for ambient background music forms like the reiki music because it is one of the greatest forms of relaxation music available.

From the researches, it has been identified that the Reiki Music can implement a long lasting positive impression on a person\'s mind. Many religions do not approve other kinds of practices that will make people believe in some other things. However, Christianity has approved reiki music because Jesus Christ also used a method like this for the relaxation.

Reiki music can be considered as a great way to re-generate the lost energy in your inner soul. The results of it have been proven and many people tend to go for ambient background music treatments because of their effectiveness. This will keep you away from the stress and irritation as well. Any person can try this method and it will add a great experience to his or her life as well.

If you would like to know more about Reiki Master, you can always contact Mr. Liz Rojek from his website at http://www.reikimiracles.co.uk

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About the Author

Author is specialize in writting informative articles. Here he writes about Reiki Music which assist your body to control our energy levels and leads to better future.

What is a Production Assistant?

What is a Production Assistant?

By Jeff E Owen

A production assistant is the first job to get in the film industry. Production Assistants, or 'PA's, carry out anything nobody else wants to do. It is really an basic level job, this means that - You're in the proverbial mailroom, digging ditches, washing dishes, creating copies, and entering data. And so do not kid yourself, you are at the bottom, baby! Even so the beauty of the bottom is always that there's just one way to go from there: up!

[caption id="attachment_877" align="aligncenter" width="460"] What is a Production Assistant?[/caption]

Production assistants are broken into two different types: "office PAs" or "set PAs". Additional variations can be found depending on a show's arrangement or region but those are the main forms. Here is a great write-up on the difference between an office PA and a set PA.

Office PAs usually put in almost all hours within the show's production office dealing with such jobs as phones, deliveries, script copies, lunch pick-ups, along with related tasks in sychronisation with the production manager and also production coordinator. This is generally the route to take if you strive for becoming a coordinator. Additionally, they interact with departments which spend more time around the office, like art, or writers.

Set PAs work on the actual set of the production, be it on location or on a sound stage. They are accountable to the assistant director department (in the US) or the location manager (in Canada), and key set PA if one is so designated. Duties incorporate echoing (calling out) "rolls" and "cuts", locking up (making certain nothing interferes with a shot), wrangling talent and also background, facilitating communication between sections, distributing documents and radios, and related jobs as decided by the ADs. Set PAs generally do the job 12- to 16-hour days with the possibility after a shoot to work in excess of 20 hours just one day and so are regularly the "first to show up as well as the last to leave".

Duties can interchange, for instance an "office PA" working away at location if an extra hand is required, or perhaps a "set PA" working in the office on hiatus weeks whenever the physical production is closed.

Just like all basic level positions, the item to become a P.A. is to work yourself out of the job simply by making your self very valuable to be kept in the entry level position. Being a P.A. is a weird test having just one question; Do you want to become the greatest P.A. you can, even though you realize that you won't be a P.A. for too long? The reasoning guiding this really is that the people above you will have paid their dues and established their enthusiasm, (privately, not just to others) so they require that you do the very same.

The other side of the coin is that a great P.A. is incredibly precious because there's nobody else for the job. As a result, be proud of every one of the minor disheartening jobs you'll need to carry out. Go ahead and take task very seriously. Always be honored and content to get coffee, and don't forget who prefers three sugars. If you're an outstanding P.A., you will definitely get elevated quickly, and the coffee will come to you.

To find out how to get a job as a Production Assistant [http://howtogetafilmindustryjob.com] or other information about the film industry, visit howtogetafilmindustryjob.com [http://howtogetafilmindustryjob.com].

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What is A Documentary Film?

What is A Documentary Film?

By Travis Tracy

What is a documentary film? Well, essentially it is a film that is supposed to document reality. There is a wide variety of documentary films. There are hundreds of historical documentaries, and there have been some very popular political documentaries as of late. Although in my personal opinion you will find many of the late political documentaries have a bias agenda.

[caption id="attachment_874" align="alignleft" width="500"] What is A Documentary Film?[/caption]

For example, Al Gore released an extremely popular documentary called "An Inconvenient Truth" which was about global warming. While many still say that global warming is not absolute truth and that we are merely in a cycle of a small change in the worlds climate, this documentary states it as thought it is a fact rather than a theory. It provides only the evidence that supports the theory. While the documentary is rather interesting, it obviously has a very bias agenda.

Other popular political documentaries are Michael Moore's films, "Fahrenheit 9/11" and "Sicko". Fahrenheit 9/11 was probably one of the most controversial films of the last decade. It contains outlandish comments about the Bush administration and even referring to the media as "cheerleaders" for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Many people supported it, but those that disliked it found it necessary to make a rebuttal documentary of their own entitled "FahrenHYPE 9/11". The documentary is devoted to try to prove many statements that were made in the Fahrenheit 9/11 documentary as false.

Sicko made its own wave of controversy. It made comments about how poor the American government's healthcare system really was. I do not believe it made as much of an impact simply because most people are aware that our quality of healthcare is much better than most other countries, it is just the cost that is killing everyone. Michael Moore takes it to another level stating that even some third world countries have better healthcare. I think most everyone knows this is simply untrue. You can simply take a look at the rampant diseases in those areas to determine the truth on the matter.

Good documentaries [http://www.trythis.com/Question/Good_documentary_flicks] are hard to find. Are you interested in reading more about good documentary films [http://www.trythis.com/Question/Good_documentary_flicks]? Feel free to check out TryThis.com for visitor suggestions on good documentary flicks [http://www.trythis.com/Question/Good_documentary_flicks]!

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What is MoMA (Museum of Modern Art)?

What is It About MoMA - The Museum of Modern Art

Author:milfordplazaus

The Museum of Modern Art was founded in 1929 as an educational institution so people might understand and enjoy the visual arts of the times. The goal was to create a New York Attraction that would be 'the greatest museum of modern art in the world.' A responsive public made it necessary and possible for MoMA to move to larger spaces 3 times in 10 years. Its 3rd location in 1939 was in midtown Manhattan at 11 West 53rd Street where it remains today.

[caption id="attachment_867" align="alignleft" width="500"] What is MoMA (Museum of Modern Art)?[/caption]

The first Museum of Modern Art Director, Alfred H. Barr, Jr., submitted a plan for MoMA to have a multi-departmental structure for Architecture and Design, Film and Video, Photography, Painting and Sculpture, Drawings and Prints, and Illustrated Books. In the mid-century, architect Philip Johnson designed The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Garden, and in 1984, a major renovation doubled the Museum of Modern Art's gallery space.

The Museum of Modern Art started with an initial gift of 8 prints and 1 drawing. Today, MoMA's collection includes more than 150,000 paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, photographs, architectural models and drawings, and design objects, as well as owning approximately 22,000 films and 4 million film stills. MoMA's Library and Archives holds over 300,000 books and periodicals and individual files on more than 70,000 artists. Visitors to the Museum of Modern Art can also enjoy an active schedule of modern and contemporary art exhibitions, as well as rotating installations from the collections, so that each visit may offer a look at new works.

There are many choices for a Times Square Hotel including the historic, newly remodeled The Milford - A Times Square Hotel. The Milford is close to many famous New York Attractions and New York Museums like MoMA. In January 2000, the Museum of Modern Art and P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center formed an innovative partnership that offers a broad range of collaborative opportunities in collections, exhibitions, educational programs and administration.

Having been founded during the Great Depression, it is interesting that MoMA is still growing and thriving during the economic downturn of recent years. Thousands of visitors to New York Museums and Attractions each year continue to have an interest in the arts and MoMA's offerings, while even more people enjoy the national and international programs provided by MoMA.

MoMA recently completed the largest and most ambitious building project in its history, resulting in nearly doubled space for the New York Museum's exhibitions and programs. The new MoMA consists of 630,000 square feet of redesigned space and opened in November 2004. The Cullman Education and Research Building on the east side of the site opened in 2006 and provides more than 5 times more room for classrooms, auditoriums, workshops, and the Museum of Modern Art's expanded Library and Archives. The Museum of Modern Art also has one of the most active publishing programs, having published more than 1,200 editions in 20 languages.

The Museum of Modern Art is open from 10:30 a.m. – 5:30 p.m on Tuesdays from June 26 – September 25, Thursdays from July 5 – August 30, Sundays, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, and on Fridays from 10:30 a.m. - 8:00 p.m. Adult admission to MoMA is $25 for adults and includes special exhibitions, audio programs, films, and gallery talks. For a reduced price, purchase your tickets online and prepare to spend many hours at the Museum of Modern Art – a New York Museum that will capture your imagination and inspire your creativity. About The Milford -

A Times Square Hotel The Milford is located in the heart of New York City, surrounded by Times Square, the Broadway Theater District, Manhattan's best Restaurants and Nightclubs, the Empire State Building, the subway, New York Shopping and more – and is undergoing a $140 million renovation to remain among the best Times Square Hotels in Manhattan with 1,300 Guest Rooms and Guest Suites.

The Milford features all new Guest Rooms, a Lounge, Fitness Room, and accommodations that will impress Guests worldwide. This historic Times Square Hotel is perfectly located near all NYC Activities and Attractions that bring visitors to Manhattan – for business or pleasure. Jacob Javits Convention Center, the Financial District, Madison Square Garden, MOMA, Central Park, the Rockefeller Center, Greenwich Village, and much more is within minutes by walk or ride. Come see the best of NYC and stay at The Milford – the favored destination for a Times Square Hotel. Visit Milford Plaza Hotel Website: www.milfordplaza.com

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About the Author

The Milford Plaza Hotel - Times Square Hotel - is the ideal choice for your visit to NYC because we provide you with a great location, comfortable Guest Rooms and the Best Hotel Room Rate for Mid-Town Manhattan Hotels. Our New York Hotel is a short walk to Fifth Avenue for Manhattan Shopping, Times Square, Manhattan Night Clubs, Manhattan Restaurants, the Jacob Javit's Convention Center and famous NYC Attractions. For more info please visit:- http://www.milfordplaza.com